Peshawar derives its name from a Sanskrit word "Pushpapura" meaning the city of flowers. Peshawars flowers.Pershawar's flower were mentioned even in Moghal Emperor Babur's memoirs.

Alexander's legions and the southern wing of his army were held up here in 327 B.C. for forty days at a fort excavated recently, 27 1/2 kms (17 miles) north-east of Peshawar at Pushkalavati (lotus city) near Charsadda.

the great Babur marched through historic Khyber Pass to conquer South Asia in 1526 and set up the Moghal Empire in the lndo-Pakistan sub-continent.

The pass and the valley have resounded to the tramp of marching feet as successive armies hurtled down the crossroad of history, pathway of commerce, migration arid invasion by Aryans. Scythians. Persians, Creeks. Bactrians, Kushans. Huns. Turks' Mongols and Moghals.

And Peshawar is now, as always, very much a frontier town. The formalities of dress and manner give way here to a free and easy style, as men encounter men with a firm hand-clasp and a straight but friendly look. Hefty handsome men in baggy trousers arid long, loose shirts, wear bullet studded bandoliers across their chests or pistols at their sides as a normal part of their dress.

There is just that little touch of excitement and drama in the air that makes for a frontier land. An occasional salvo of gun fire-no, not a tribal raid or a skirmish in the streets hut a lively part of wedding celebrations.

Remember we are in the land of the Pathans - a completely male -dominated society. North and south of Peshawar spreads the vast tribal area where lives the biggest tribal society in the world, and the most well-known, though much misrepresented,

Pafhans are faithful Muslims. Their typical martial and religious character has been moulded by their heroes, like khushal Khan Khattak, the warrior-poet and Rebman Baba. a preacher and also a poet of Pushto language.

Today, they themselves guard the Pakistan-Afghanistan border along the great passes of the Khyher. the Tochi, the Gomai and others on Pakistan's territory, but before independence they successfully defied mighty empires, like the British and the Moghal and others before them, keeping the border simmering with commotion, and the flame of freedom proudly burning.

Pesbawar is the great Pathan city. And what a city! Hoary with age and the passage of twenty-five centuries, redolent with the smell of luscious fruit and roasted meat and tobacco smoke, placid and relaxed but pulsating with the rhythmic sound of craftsmen's hammers and horses' hooves, unhurried in its pedestrian pace and horse-carriage traffic, darkened with tall houses, narrow lanes and overhanging balconies, intimate, with its freely intermingling crowd of townsmen. tribals, traders and tourists - this is old Peshawar the journev's end or at least a long halt, for those travelling up north or coming down from the Middle East or Central Asia, now as centuries before when caravans unloaded in the many caravan serais now lying deserted outside the dismantled city walls or used as garages by the modern caravans of far-ranging buses.

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